According to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), vehicles are classified into several categories, of which category M is defined as a motor vehicle with at least four wheels used for the carriage of passengers. category M is further subdivided into three subcategories Category M vehicles are further subdivided into three sub-categories, namely M1, M2 and M3, as follows:

 

1. Category M1 vehicles

• Definition: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having a seating capacity of not more than eight persons in addition to the driver's seat.

• Regulations: Must comply with safety, emission and crash test standards for light passenger vehicles.

• Typical Vehicles: Sedans, SUVs, MPVs, etc.

• Applicable Scenarios:

   Family or personal daily travelling.

   Urban commuting and short-distance travelling.

   Suitable for general road driving, focusing on comfort and fuel economy.

 

 

2. M2 category vehicles

• Definition: vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, with more than 8 seats in addition to the driver's seat, and with a maximum gross mass not exceeding 5 tonnes.

• Regulations: Stricter safety requirements, including reinforced structures and accessibility.

• Typical vehicle types: small passenger cars, school buses, tourist buses, etc.

• Applicable Scenarios:

   Urban public transport.

   Shuttle services for schools or enterprises.

   Short distance group travelling.

 

 

3. M3 Category Vehicles

• DEFINITION: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, with more than 8 seats in addition to the driver's seat, and with a maximum gross mass of more than 5 tonnes.

• Regulations: Must comply with heavy vehicle safety standards (e.g. rollover protection, emergency exits).

• Typical vehicle types: large buses, coaches, double-decker buses, etc.

• Applicable Scenarios:

   Long-distance passenger transport and intercity transport.

   Tourist and sightseeing buses.

   High-capacity urban public transport.

 

4. Common features of Class M vehicles

• Passenger use: all M category vehicles are used for carrying passengers and not for goods transport.

• Safety standards: They must meet the safety regulations set by UNECE, including seat strength, seat belts, fire performance, etc.

• Environmental requirements: They have to meet the emission standards, especially for M2 and M3 vehicles, which are mostly used in public transport and have higher environmental requirements.

 

5. Summary of Applicable Scenarios

• M1: suitable for personal or family use, focusing on comfort and economy.

• M2: Suitable for small and medium-sized group transport, such as school buses or city buses.

• M3: Suitable for large-scale passenger transport, such as long-distance passenger transport or high-capacity city buses.

 

Vehicles in category M are UNECE classified as being exclusively for the carriage of passengers and cover a wide range of types, from personal use vehicles to large public transport vehicles. By subdividing the M1, M2 and M3 categories, it is possible to better meet the needs of different scenarios for carrying passengers, while ensuring that safety and environmental standards are enforced.

 

 

At Xiamen Van Seat, we have been developing and upgrading seats for M1, M2 and M3 vehicles, and continuously innovating designs, committed to providing owners of different types of vehicles with satisfactory M1 Seat, M2 Seat and M3 Seat. If you want to purchase our affordable van seats to improve the comfort of your van, please contact us.

The origin of the term ‘Coach Bus’ is an interesting one, with a strong historical background as well as representing the development of transport. So why is it Called a Coach Bus? Let's delve deeper into the origins of the term and find out more about its historical origins and what makes coaches and their seating systems so unique.

 

 

Historical Origins

The ‘Coach Bus’ originated in the 15th century in the Hungarian town of Kocsi, where the village designed a coach known as kocsi szekér (‘coach from Kocsi’), which was sturdy, smooth-running, with excellent suspension, and well adapted to rough terrain. that could adapt well to bumps on rough roads. The term spread throughout Europe, evolving into ‘Kutsche’ (German), ‘coche’ (Spanish/French) and finally ‘coach’ in English. ‘ in English.

 

By the 19th century, ‘coach’ came to be associated with any form of comfortable long-distance transport, and was synonymous with long-distance passenger transport, a motorised vehicle designed specifically for comfort and durability.

 

From horse-drawn carriages to the modern coach

At the beginning of the 20th century, motorised vehicles officially replaced horse-drawn carriages. With the development of modern society, the term ‘coach’ refers exclusively to vehicles designed for long-distance travel, prioritising passenger comfort, safety and efficiency. For example, the first motorised buses were equipped with upholstered seats, larger windows, climate control and on-board toilets, offering features such as better visibility and more stable suspension, bringing similar comfort and convenience to traditional coaches. These buses are generally used for intercity travel, continuing the tradition of long-distance transport.

 

Features of modern buses

-Ergonomic seats, ample legroom, and a vibration-damping system for long-distance comfort.

-Reinforced construction, fireproof materials, and an advanced braking system are used to maximise the safety of the vehicle.

-The interior of the vehicle allows the owner to have a customisable and flexible layout, which can be equipped with premium upholstery, luxury entertainment facilities and more.

-Unlike standard buses, coach seats are designed for uninterrupted comfort over long periods of time.

 

The term ‘coach’ carries centuries of innovation, from the carriages of Kocs to today's state-of-the-art buses. The same Xiamen Van Seat has always upgraded and innovated the quality, safety and design of the coach to meet the demands of the modern world. Our coach bus seats are designed to meet the demands of long distance travelling with several stars, and are the perfect combination of versatility and comfort, please visit www.luxuryvanseat.com to find out more about our coach bus seat.

Forged wheels are made with care and perform amazingly with lightweight. They’re not just for looks; they change how your car can perform.

The advantages of forged wheels:

1.Aluminum alloy forged wheels are known for their strength and performance.

2.Lightweight forged rims make your car faster and handle better.

3.You can choose from many designs for looks and function.

4.Forged wheels are made under high pressure for strength and efficiency.

What are Forged Wheels?
Forged wheels show off amazing engineering skills. They are the top in wheel technology. They start with a solid piece of aluminum alloy, called a billet. Then, this billet is shaped into a wheel under huge pressure.
Forged wheels are different from cast ones. Cast wheels melt metal and pour it into a mold. But forged wheels keep the metal's natural strength. This makes them not just lighter but also much stronger.
When making forged wheels, special CNC milling machines are used. These machines make detailed and precise patterns. These patterns look luxurious and perform well, making each wheel a mix of beauty and function.
Forged wheels are made for lasting durability and strength. They are loved in the car world for these reasons. They are the top pick for those who want style and efficiency in their driving.
Benefits of Forged Wheels
Forged wheels are great for car lovers. They are made with strong alloys and precise methods for top performance. These wheels last longer, are lighter, and can be customized.
Durability
The forged wheel durability is top-notch. The special process used makes the wheels strong and tough. They can take a lot of driving stress without losing performance.
Weight Reduction
These wheels are made to be very light. This makes the car lighter, which means better gas mileage and smoother driving.
Customization
There are many custom forged wheel designs to choose from. You can pick the size and finish that fits your style. Brands like Vossen, BBS, and HRE offer many options. They mix looks with great performance.
Best Forged Wheels for Premium Performance
For car lovers in Singapore, picking the right wheels can make a big difference. We’ll talk about the top forged wheels from well-known brands. These wheels are known for their top-notch performance and look.
That's why the best forged wheels are a big deal.

Custom forged wheels are probably the quickest way to enhance the appearance of your vehicle and give it a unique, personalized style. Aftermarket wheels come in a huge selection of designs and sizes and depending on your plan and budget, they can not only be used to improve the vehicle's look, but they can also considerably boost overall performance.
So what wheels would be best for you?
Well, when it comes to wheel styles, your choice is never ending. But, before talking about the appearance and performance capabilities, there are several important basics you need to know to choose the right wheels for your car, truck, or SUV.

Molecular Grain
Cast wheels have a uniform grain, where the molecules sit on top of each other and are held together by mechanical adhesion (like a bowl of cooked rice). Forged wheels have an interlocking grain structure that is more difficult to pull apart (like a bowl of spaghetti).

1- Piece “Monoblock” forged wheels

Monoblock wheels are created by forcing a round bar stock of aerospace-quality aluminum alloy between the forging dies under extreme pressure. Forging is an ultimate technology in one-piece wheels. It creates a finished wheel that is very dense and lightweight. Naturally, the costs of assembly make this type of wheel sit on the higher end of the market price range.

2-piece forged wheels
Two pieced forged wheels divide into another two classes. Some manufacturers bolt the center of the two-piece wheel into a cast or spun rim section, while others weld the center to the hoop on the backside of the wheel. Higher end 2-piece wheels may use forged rims and forged centers, which make them significantly pricier.

3-piece bolted construction forged wheels
Due to the high cost of tooling, and CAD technologies involved, three-piece forged wheels are commonly the most expensive type of wheel construction. The wheel consists of three main pieces: the center, the outer lip and the inner hoop. All parts are normally held together with bolts and sealant applied in or on the assembly to seal the wheel.

Choosing the right size
When changing wheels, be sure to select a replacement with a bolt pattern or circle that matches the OEM pattern of your vehicle. Check what rim widths are recommended by the manufacturer of tires that you consider. To reach the best balance between ride, handling and treadwear, select a rim width in the middle of the manufacturer’s recommended range.

The offset of the rim is what locates the tire/wheel assembly in relation to the suspension. That’s why in order to maintain handling characteristics and avoid extra loads on bushings and ball joints, it is important to keep the front axle offsets on the FWD and AWD vehicles to the OEM specifications. Using the proper positive or negative offset for the vehicle’s rear wheels is important, but less so than using it at the front where the bearing load situation is critical.

The products spray booth used are equally important. And we are not only talking about putties, fillers, primers, colors, varnishes, products that have a direct impact on repainting, but also about those other materials used for preparation and that are also key to a perfect and long-lasting final finish.

We design perfect paint spray booth oven to meet your needs. If you’re looking for a paint booth setup that boosts your productivity and decreases the amount of time it takes to finish a paint job from start to finish, you’re going to need a good drying system.  Whatever you need diesel burner heating, gas burner heating or electric heating, we can design for you, three ways for your options.

Regardless of what you line of work is, Guangli factory has the equipment available to accommodate you so that you work smarter, not harder. Guangli spray booth manufacturer is the industry leader in automotive, industrial, and aerospace paint booths.

When a workshop decides on a painting area, it must take into account that the work areas must be well defined and identified, separated from the sanding area that generates clouds of dust that are a source of contamination for subsequent processes. We can produce spray booth design to suit your workshop situation.

The painting area must incorporate at least one suction turbine to clean the air of impurities from the overspray and that can be harmful to health, taking into account that current varnishes are of plastic origin such as polyurethane. Our standard full downdraft car paint booth can completely satisfy these requirements.

The world changes, and Guangli spray booth China changes with the world. But we do it preserving what has always distinguished us: personalized treatment, technical advice and the best solutions for both Industry and the Automotive market.

Downdraft spray booths are usually using for car painting and baking, it does the best job of removing overspray from the work environment. The majority of buyers choose this type of booths more in many situation. However, exacting applications such as automotive or aircraft finishes and industrial coatings require precise tolerances. Filtered intake is essential for achieving the results those applications demand. Recently we have a Kazakhstan customer just installed one downdraft paint booth and share the whole booth picture to us. Look at below picture for reference.

The spray booth is the first–and possibly most important–investment any professional painter will make. Nothing can ruin a good painting job like debris, bugs and dirt. Those that paint outside, or even in an open garage, can testify to the many problems inherent with the open atmosphere. A closed garage is unwise and impractical, due to the lack of ventilation. A spray booth is the best option, and that is why the most professional body shops all have at least one.

Guangli factory is a profession manufacturer of paint spray booth with 25yrs experience. Call us anytime if you need to discuss a paint booth suit for your workshop. Email to us sunnie@gzguangli.com.cn, or call us 008613925061383, WhatsApp is the same number. Waiting for your news.

When we talk about a paint booth, a closed area in which there is usually overpressure and the circulating air is hot must come to mind.

The spray paint booths is a closed space where the vehicle or part is inserted. It is usually seen regularly in paint shops. It has become an indispensable tool due to the multiple benefits it has, apart from the quality of the finish it presents, but also from a safety perspective, both at work and in the environment, since it reduces the emission of paint particles and organic compounds into the air.

The objective of the design of the cabin is that it paints and dries in the shortest time with the highest possible quality. With which, in the same place two different functions are fulfilled.

We are spray booth supplier in Guangzhou China, call us design the cabin suitable to your workshop place.

Contact email: sunnie@gzguangli.com.cn

Contact number: 008613925061383

The paint booth is a great investment for the repair shop; its correct choice guarantees quality work and improves installed capacity.

In any bodywork and vehicle painting repair shop, it is essential to have a spray cabin or cabin-oven for finishing paint applications, since the conditions required to carry out this operation are only obtained by having one of these. It is also true that this equipment requires a large investment for the repair shop, so its correct choice is essential to guarantee quality work and improve the installed capacity of the repair center.

In car paint booth of an automotive plant, all the factors that can affect the final finish (such as temperature, humidity and dirt) are carefully controlled. And of course paint application equipment is no exception.

Guangli factory manufacture reliable aircraft paint booth, they call Spray Systems. We’ve developed a comprehensive understanding of the nuanced needs of effective aerospace paint spray booths and finishing system designs. in order for you to experience uninterrupted operations, and with these regulations in mind, all paint booth designs must be submitted in a timely fashion to meet regulation criteria.

That’s why we leverage our position as industry leaders of design technology and our knowledge of safety standards to work collaboratively with you in designing the perfect aircraft paint booth for your facility. From education to installation, we ensure that there are no surprises and that your booth performs to your highest standards.

We design paint booths consistently meet and exceed the highest standards in aircraft paint booths and always goes above and beyond customer expectations in terms of customer service, support and product quality. Due to size restrictions, the custom aircraft paint booth had to accommodate a tight space while providing the most effective spray environment possible for safety and finish quality.